Review article diabetes mellitus a devastating metabolic. Factors favouring a diagnosis of noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus. Factors associated with poor control of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus an overview sciencedirect topics. Diabetes mellitus international diabetes federation. Lifestyle changes can be more effective than drugs in preventing type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes was similar to that of undiagnosed diabetes. Diabetes mellitus, type 2 descriptionetiology diabetes mellitus, type 2 dm2formerly known as noninsulin dependent diabetes and adultonset diabetesis a chronic, multisystem, metabolic syndrome of gradual onset characterized by an insufficient body tissue response to insulin i. A third type, known as gestational diabetes is associated with pregnancy. During digestion, food is broken down into its basic components. Diabetes mellitus dm is a group of metabolic disorders that cause sustained high blood sugar levels. This document provides an update on the guidance last published in 1999 2.
Review risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and. Classification of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation. National clinic guidelines for management of diabetes. Maturity onset diabetes of youth mody is a rare type of diabetes that may be inherited as an autosomal dominant condition. Diabetes mellitus is the latin name for diabetes type 1 diabetes mellitus occurs when the cannot produce insulin which is needed to control blood glucose levels type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is much more common, occurs when the body can not produce enough insulin or the insulin is not working effeciently enough. International diabetes federation what is diabetes. Novel risk factors for type 2 diabetes in africanamericans. Factors associated with poor control of type 2 diabetes. The most important risk factor for type 2 diabetes was the bodymass index. In the united states the populations most affected are native americans, particularly in the desert southwest, hispanicamericans, and asianamericans 1. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The condition is increasing in epidemic proportions in both developed and developing nations, with the global population predicted to rise from 118 million in 1995 to 220 million in 2010. Diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes that accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases. The most recent metaanalysis assessing the peripheral fractures in patients with t2dm described an increase in the risk of ankle fractures rr 1.
Fox, sherita hill golden, cheryl anderson, george a. Prevalence and associated factors of diabetes mellitus in. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in jamaica diabetes. The main indication of diabetes mellitus is a hyperglycemia in blood which is due. Pathophysiology and clinical guidelines the academy of dental learning and osha training, llc, designates this activity for 7 continuing education credits 7 ces. Gestational diabetes mellitus gdm diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that is not clearly overt diabetes 4. In the past, only two types of diabetes were known, type 1 and type 2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus dm is a major health issue associated with excess mortality and morbidity. Diabetes mellitus generally diabetes referred to diabetes mellitus, it is a condition that causes higher blood sugar level for a person, prolonged period. Type 2 diabetes was previously called noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus niddm or adultonset diabetes. Adolescent patients who are physically active but do not eat a balanced diet are not at increased risk of developing type 2 dm. In view of the natural professional activity, the drivers are at a higher risk of obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, and carbohydrate metabolism disorders such as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus has now assumed epidemic proportions in many countries of the world. Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances.
Physical inactivity is another behavioral risk factor for type 2 diabetes. In subsaharan africa, diabetes is a growing burden, yet little is known about its preva lence, risk factors, and complications. Diabetes is the abbreviated term for a condition known as diabetes mellitus. If youre seeing this message, it means were having trouble loading external resources on our website. Impaired glucose tolerance igt andor impaired fasting glucose ifg were present in 16. While there are a number of factors that influence the development of type 2 diabetes. Alternatively, a person who acquires diabetes because of large doses of exogenous steroids may become normoglycemic once the glucocorticoids are discontinued, but then may develop diabetes many years. For example, a person with gestational diabetes mellitus gdm may continue to be hyperglycemic after delivery and may be determined to have, in fact, type 2 diabetes. Diabetes mellitus diabetes type 1, mellitus symptoms. J in silico in vitro abstract diabetes mellitus is a disorder occurs due to metabolic problems is most frequent globally. Read and learn for free about the following article.
Classification of diabetes mellitus 5 introduction since 1965 the world health organization has periodically updated and published guidance on how to classify diabetes mellitus hereafter referred to as diabetes 1. National clinical guidelines for management of diabetes mellitus vi the guidelines are written for all kenyans, though health workers may have to adapt information to meet local situation and specific needs for specific patients including translating information to meet various language needs. The first page of the pdf of this article appears above. Macro vascular diabetic foot micro and macro neuropathy retinopathy nephropathy. Information about their diet and lifestyle was updated. Njagi3 1department of biochemistry and biotechnology, kenyatta university, p. The international diabetes federation idf is an umbrella organization of over 230 national diabetes associations in 170 countries and territories. The latest estimates october 2009 indicate there were over 145,000 new cases of diabetes diagnosed in the uk during the past year, bringing the total number of those diagnosed to 2. Chronic complications of diabetes coronary heart dis. A major requirement for epidemiological and clinical research and for the clinical management of diabetes is an. Factors contributing to higher incidence of diabetes for black americans at a glance a study found that biological risk factorsincluding weight and fat around the abdomenare primarily responsible for higher rates of diabetes for black americans compared with white americans. T2dm was associated with an increased risk of any fracture odds ratio or 1. By 2025, the number of people with diabetes in india is estimated to rise to 70 million. Diabetes mellitus dm also known as simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period this high blood sugar produces the.
Ifemed journal is the official publication of obafemi awolowo university medical students association, ileife, nigeria. Prevalence, risk factors, and complications of diabetes in. Fred talks and flirts with ifemelu, putting on a practiced act of referencing classical composers and artists to prove. Factors heightening risk of tight control hypoglycemia. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in college students scielo. The hmong traditional diet, according to ikeda et al. Recent research has identified novel environmental, lifestyle, physiologic, and genetic risk factors for diabetes, some of which appear to impact africanamericans more than whites. The two most common are called type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Journal of the obafemi awolowo university medical student. The journal club periodically publishes articles on medical and medically related topics for the consumption of emerging health care professionals from all over the country, ranging from medical, pharmacy, dental, physiotherapy and nursing students. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its associated risk. A lifestyle that includes physical activity, from brisk walking to higher intensity endurance.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diagnoses made by family physicians. Being a doctor or a student, it is important for you to understand the disease better. Ada updates standards of medical care in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus dm is a global epidemic that encompasses multiple disorders related to altered metabolic homeostasis of glucose and related systems. A scientific statement from the american heart association and the american diabetes association. Nutritional transition, urbanization, physical inactivity and obesity are the common risk factors that made diabetes mellitus progression very remarkable68. Descriptionetiology lesson quick diabetes mellitus, type 2. Specifically, for the hmong, the development oftype 2 diabetes mellitus has been a growing concern in wisconsin according to her and mundt 2005. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, prior history of gestational diabetes, impaired. Some of the major symptoms which appear while this condition persists include the frequent urination, hunger, and thirst.
Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis dka. Diabetes mellitus, disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by impaired ability of the body to produce or respond to insulin and thereby maintain proper levels of sugar glucose in the blood. If youre behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains. Serious longterm complications can be including cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease. Traditional diabetes risk factors, such as obesity, are more common among africanamericans, but these traditional risk factors do not explain all of the disparity in diabetes risk. Risk factors and complications in type 2 diabetes outpatients scielo. Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars, primarily glucose.
Risk factors of diabetes mellitus in rural puducherry sumanth mallikarjuna majgi, assistant professor, department of community medicine, mmcri, mysore, bala soudarssanane m, professor and head, department of preventive and social medicine, jawaharlal institute of postgraduate medical education and research, pondicherry. Update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of recent evidence. O box 4384400100, nairobi 2department of pure and applied sciences, technical university of mombasa, p. Although diabetes can manifest as an autoimmune disease of pancreatic islet cells the primary mechanism in type 1 diabetes, gestational.
Methods we followed 84,941 female nurses from 1980 to 1996. Targeting and monitoring glycemic control in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a condition defined by persistently high levels of sugar glucose in the blood. It is the second leading cause of blindness and renal disease worldwide. Diabetes mellitus a devastating metabolic disorder 1, g. Diabetes mellitus, also simply known as diabetes, is a condition in which the sugar levels in the blood exceed to a high extent. Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90 percent to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus symptoms, prevention, risk factor. Accepted 16 april, 2009 diabetes is a lifelong disease marked by elevated levels of sugar in the blood. Road transport drivers are one of the professional groups whose activities have a strong impact of public safety. Diabetes mellitus professor mamdouh elnahas professor of internal medicine endocrinology and diabetes unit.
Effect of hyperketonemia and hyperlacticacidemia on symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, and counterregulatory hormone responses during hypoglycemia in normal humans. This work sought to determine dm prevalence and associated risk factors among adults in the kumasi metropolis. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disorder with varying prevalence among different ethnic groups. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or. This form of diabetes, which accounts for only 510% of all diabetes, is a juvenileonset diabetes. The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by peripheral. It represents the interests of the growing number of people with diabetes and those at risk. Diabetes is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, though these outcomes are not due to the immediate effects of the disorder. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to blindness, limb amputation, kidney failure, and vascular and heart disease. T2dm is the most common form of dm, which accounts for 90% to 95% of all diabetic patients 1 and is expected to increase to 439 million by 2030 in 2. Genes and gene products in the development of diabetes mellitus. One of the club members is a man named fred, who went to harvard, and he discusses how silly nollywood the nigerian film industry is.